Meade Image Processing Especificações

AutoStarCCD PhotometryA Step-By-Step GuidebyJeffrey L. HopkinsHopkins Phoenix ObservatoryPhoenix, ArizonaandGene A. LucasNiteOwl Astrophysical Observa

viii AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY LIST OF TABLESPage3-1. ImageInfo Log Text File Example. 26B-1. Pa

90 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Header DetailsFrom the Autostar Image Processing menu, at the lowe

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 91APPENDIX HLightbox Design and ConstructionThis section briefly dis

92 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY (2) "Tee Shirt" Flats – A variant technique employing a

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 93The joints may be attached together using a hot glue gun, or tape(

94 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Light Sources – Small incandescent battery–operated lamps orLEDs a

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 95Plans and Further DetailsDetails of light box construction are sho

96 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Joins in the cardboard material have not given any problem in thef

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 97Attached on the inside corners of the bulkhead are four smallincan

98 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure H-4. Typical Light Box Flat Field (V Filter),Showing Artifa

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 99APPENDIX ISuggested ProjectsIntroductionThere are many types of as

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 11. IntroductionAstronomical photometry performed with Charge Coup

100 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Lists of the brighter lunar occultations occurring during the yeara

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 101Comet PhotometryWith each appearance of a new comet, interest in co

102 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Eruptive VariablesThe eruptive variables tend to produce sudden, un

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 103APPENDIX JReferencesReferenceMiles, R., “UBVRI photometry using CCD

104 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Web ResourcesAAVSO Julian Day Calculator - On-line JD conversion.ht

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 105HPO - Hopkins Phoenix Observatory -Epsilon Aurigae 2009 Campaignhtt

106 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY RASC - Royal Astronomical Society of Canada -http://www.rasc.caPubl

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 107INDEXPage(s)Aa, Y-Intercept Value 85α (alpha) – see Right Ascension

108 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY INDEX (Contd.)Page(s)Centroid 22, 23Charge Coupled Device – see CCD

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 109INDEX (Contd.)Page(s)Eε (epsilon) – see Transformation Coefficient

2 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 3. Practicing Photometry – Once you have mastered the imagingstep

110 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY INDEX (Contd.)Page(s)HHA (Hour Angle) 47, 48, 52HAD (Hole Accumulat

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 111INDEX (Contd.)Page(s)Mμ (mu)– see Transformation Coefficients 29,

112 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY INDEX (Contd.)Page(s)Profile Line 22Projects 99QRRASC Observers Han

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 113INDEX (Contd.)Page(s)Stop Command Checkbox 14Supernova (SNe) 102Sup

114 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY NOTES

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 115NOTES

116 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY NOTES

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 117NOTES

118 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY NOTES

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 32. Data AcquisitionBefore any photometry can be done on the star

4 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY The AutoStar Envisage window will then open (Fig. 2-2). After afe

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 52.3 Setting DirectoriesBefore going further, you may wish to set

6 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 2.4 Taking Dark FramesThe following procedure should be performe

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 7Note: There will be one Master Dark Frame for each exposure 1.0s

8 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY You now have a set of Master Dark Frames for the desiredexposure

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 9Figure 2-7. Envisage Screen With CCD Camera Operating.2. Determin

Copyright © 2007 Jeffrey L. Hopkins and Gene A. LucasAll Rights ReservedReproduction or translation of any part of this work [except wherespecifically

10 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure 2-8. Exposure Setting Window.Note: Live Exp exposure times

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 116. File Naming -- Note: CCD photometry imaging creates anenormou

12 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 8. Unless the sky is exceptionally steady, leave the image quality

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 13Note: If an Alt/Az mount is used, a second box can be drawnaround

14 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 11. Select Start. (Fig. 2-17.)Figure 2-17. Start Button.12. After

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 1517. Repeat Steps 1 - 16 for each additional set of data pointsdesi

16 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Note: It is very important that the optical train is not changedb

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 173. Raw Data ReductionThis is the stage where the photometric data

18 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 3.2 Calibrating the Images1. Click on one of the image files in t

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 194. Select all the images of a given filter (e.g., the V filter ima

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY iPrefaceThere are at least two avenues to CCD photometry. First i

20 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 6. A Calibrate window will be displayed (Fig. 3-4) where you canse

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 21Figure 3-5. New Calibrated Image Files.9. To organize the calibrat

22 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Note: AutoStar automatically adjusts the monitor display contrast

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 23You will see the term “centroid” appear many times when readingabo

24 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Note: This will set the Reference magnitude for the Comparisonsta

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 25Figure 3-10. Magnitude Determination Window.8. Click on OK. Do not

26 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 12. Repeat Steps 1 - 11 for the other filter images. A text log fi

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 274. Additional Data ReductionThe raw magnitude data now must be us

28 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY This program was created quickly and saves a great deal of workwhe

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 295. Advanced Data Reduction5.1 Reducing the Raw Magnitudes to Sta

ii AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY When purchasing a DSI Pro camera, the AutoStar Suite™telescope c

30 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Extinction Coefficients(Not needed for differential photometry)k&a

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 31APPENDIXESA. Modifying the DSI Pro Camera 33B. Calculating the Air

32 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY NOTES

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 33APPENDIX AModifying the DSI Pro CameraIntroductionThe color versio

34 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY The Affordable Meade Deep Sky Imager (DSI)While CCD cameras for as

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 35The set of standard RGB astro imaging filters is provided at extra

36 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Note: There are four hex-head screws at the corners of the camera

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 37Figure A-3. Disassembled ATIK Filter Wheel.CCD Photometric Filters

38 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure A-4 shows the ATIK filter wheel disk with BVRI filtersinsta

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 39Figure A-5. Standard UBVRI Johnson-CousinsPhotometry Filter Passba

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY iiiTABLE OF CONTENTSPagePREFACE i1. Introduction 11.1 Learning St

40 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY This cooling modification can be used on all the DSI seriescameras

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 41Parts ListThe following List of Parts, available from All Electron

42 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Now place the center of the TEC (against the camera back) so it is

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 43Wiring and SchematicsThe polarity of the TEC is a bit ambiguous, b

44 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY ConclusionWith the addition of BVRI photometric filters and a few

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 45APPENDIX BCalculating the Air MassIntroductionThe listed corrected

46 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Getting StartedA star's Air Mass, X, is the effective path le

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 47Two equations are in common use that take into account not onlythe

48 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Similarly, a star situated at the South Celestial Pole (SCP) would

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 49Where: LST is the local sidereal time and α is the star's Ri

iv AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY TABLE OF CONTENTS – APPENDIXESPageA. Modifying a DSI Pro Camera 3

50 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Where:GMS0hUT is Greenwich Mean Sidereal Time at UT = 00:00:00.Lon

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 51It is better to have just one LST per date and location at UT =00:

52 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY LST ExampleFor 21 October 2005 at UT = 07h 10m 00s or 7.166667 hou

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 53Alternatively, the hour angle of a star can be determined directly

54 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY An example of a FileMaker Pro program printout used at HPO forcalc

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 55Appendix CDetermining Standard Star DataObserving Standard Stars i

56 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure C-1 shows a wide field view of M67, from the FirstPalomar S

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 57Figure C-2. M67 CCD Image Taken at HPO.Table C-1 shows sample raw

58 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure C-3. M67 Finder Chart for Star Identifications.BVRI Standar

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 59APPENDIX DDetermining BVRI Extinction CoefficientsIntroductionDiff

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY vTABLE OF CONTENTS – APPENDIXES (Contd.)PageE. Determining BVRI Co

60 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Terms and DefinitionsIt is very important to define terms and keep

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 61Where:io, ro, vo, and io are magnitudes corrected for extinctionk&

62 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY One of the suggested stars is labeled M67-081. Tables D-1 andD-2 l

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 63Table D-3. Calculated Instrumental Magnitudes.I Filter R FilterUT

64 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure D-1. Plot of i versus X.Figure D-2. Plot of r versus X.

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 65Figure D-3. Plot of v versus X.Figure D-4. Plot of b versus X.

66 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY The slopes are then determined and are equated to the filter band&

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 67APPENDIX EDetermining BVRI Color CoefficientsIntroductionDifferent

68 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Terms and DefinitionsNote: (V – I) is used in the following equat

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 69Because of the volume of data involved, it is suggested that acomp

vi AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY LIST OF FIGURESPage2-1. Meade AutoStar Suite Planetarium Screen -

70 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure E-2 shows a screen shot of another part of the FileMakerPro

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 71Instrumental Magnitude CalculationsTable E-2 lists a summary of th

72 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Table E-4. Equations and Extinction Values.Equation Extinction fr

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 73Color Transform and Zero Point CalculationsTables E-6(a), (b), and

74 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Color Transform Coefficient Equations((V – I) – (v – i)o) = (1 – 1

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 75Coefficient DeterminationDetermining α and ζviA plot of ((V – I) –

76 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure E-3. ((V – I) – (v– i)o) versus (V– I) Plot.Slope = (1 – 1

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 77Determining β and ζvrA plot of ((V – R) – (v – r)o) versus (V – R)

78 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Figure E-4. ((V – R) – (v – r)o) versus (V – R) Plot.Slope = (1 –

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 79Determining γ and ζriA plot of ((R – I) – (r – i)o) versus (R – I)

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY viiLIST OF FIGURES (Contd.)PageA-5. Standard UBVRI Johnson-Cousins P

80 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Slope = 1 – 1 / γ)(1 – 1 / γ) = [Δ((R – I) – (r– i)o)) / Δ(R – I)]

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 81Figure E-6. (V – vo) versus ε * (B – V) Plot.Slope = εε = Δ(V – v)

82 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Determining μ and ζbvA plot of ((B – V) – (b – v)o) versus (B – V)

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 83Figure E-7. ((B – V) – (b – v)o) versus (B – V) Plot.Slope = (1 –

84 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY SummaryTable E-12 gives a summary of the BVRI Color Transformation

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 85APPENDIX FLeast Squares MethodIntroductionWhile it is possible to

86 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY Table F-1. Sample Data.N Data xixi2Data yi(xi * yi)1 1.0 1.00 0.47

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 87Plotting a Graph and Drawing the Straight LineFigure F–1 shows a m

88 AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY NOTES

AUTOSTAR CCD PHOTOMETRY 89APPENDIX GFITS HeaderIntroductionImages saved as FITS images (.fts